Literacy Skills at and Around Level 2 of the PIAAC Cycle 2 Proficiency Scale An ETS Return on Investment Study: Phase 1

Abstract

This research memorandum highlights the collaborative efforts of the literacy panel for the ETS Return on Investment (ROI) Study, Phase 1, comprising Jean-François Rouet, M. Anne Britt & Tobias Richter, in developing their research memorandum, Literacy Skills at and Around Level 2 of the PIAAC Cycle 2 Proficiency Scale. This memorandum captures the expert opinions from the panel sessions.

Suggested citation: Rouet, J.-F., Britt, A., & Richter, T. (2025). Literacy skills at and around Level 2 of the PIAAC Cycle 2 proficiency scale: An ETS return on investment study, Phase 1 (Research Memorandum No. RM-25-01). ETS.