Improving the Quality of Numeracy Skills: Progressing from Level 2 to Level 4 on the PIAAC Cycle 2 Proficiency: An ETS Return on Investment Study: Phase 1

Abstract

This research memorandum highlights the collaborative efforts of the numeracy panel for the ETS Return on Investment (ROI) Study, Phase 1, comprising David (Dave) Tout, Kees Hoogland, and Javier Díez-Palomar, in developing their research memorandum, Improving the Quality of Numeracy Skills: Progressing from Level 2 to Level 4 on the PIAAC Cycle 2 Proficiency Scale. This memorandum captures the expert opinions of the panel sessions.

Suggested citation: Tout, D., Hoogland, K., & Díez-Palomar, J. (2025). Improving the quality of numeracy skills: Progressing from Level 2 to Level 4 on the PIAAC Cycle 2 proficiency scale: An ETS return on investment study, Phase 1 (Research Memorandum No. RM-25-02). ETS.